Pro Death Penalty Essay

Capital punishment ought to be kept as a discipline in our court frameworks. It ought to be kept on the grounds that it helps crime percentages drop, enables provide for conclusion, serves equity, and the sky is the limit from there. Despite the fact that it gives an extraordinary result to the framework there are individuals who contend against it. Individuals against state that death penalty isn't custom, guiltless individuals get slaughtered, and its unfeeling and irregular discipline; yet none of those realities are demonstrated, actually, there is demonstrate against them. At last capital punishment assists society with feeling much improved and be a superior spot. Capital punishment forestalls more killings in the public arena by causing one that is merited. This is on the grounds that individuals get found of giving everything in vain. They reconsider before they end a real existence since they can be rebuffed by getting their life taken. Capital punishment prevents the vast majority from slaughtering others over idiotic things like cash, contentions, and so forth. The vast majority of the individuals that do submit kills either don’t care about there life, didn’t intend to, or have an outrage or mental issue like being insane, schizophrenic, bipolar and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Numerous individuals attempted to demonstrate that capital punishment forestalled murders, however there endeavors were uncertain. In 1973 Isaac Ehlrich occupied with an investigation which results indicated that for each criminal executed 7 lives were spared (MSU); simply because individuals were frightened of capital punishment and didn†™t need to take a risk with there life. The numerous individuals that pair capital punishment state that capital punishment doesn’t forestall murders, yet motivations them. Like criminologist William Bowers of Northeastern University says â€Å"Society is harmed by the utilization of capital punishment, this ups the probability of more murder.† (MSU) I feel this is a crazy thought. Regardless of whether society was brutalized by the utilization of capital punishment, for what reason would they ever even consider submitting more killings. The more killings that they submit the more the state would need to sentence capital punishment consequently making what they were brutalized by much more dreadful. Shouldn't something be said about all the lawbreakers in our penitentiaries that are carrying out life punishments. Life detainment is the most exceedingly awful discipline close to capital punishment and without that there is nothing left to rebuff the prisoners with. In the event that the prisoner realizes that it can’t deteriorate than that they could execute watch and do anything they desired. When there is a discipline of death the prisone rs need to imagine that they are in prison and it’s not a pleasant spot there but rather in any event they are alive. Murder is extreme wrongdoing and can not be taken care of softly. As expressed by MSU when somebody slaughters someone they should be rebuffed similarly; as they ought to be for some other wrongdoing. This can be identified with the maxim tit for tat obviously we don’t take it to as incredible degree as they did previously. On the off chance that a young person prepares something like a CD they will get a specific measure of network administration. This is essentially being compelled to accomplish humanitarian effort to take care of for what you would have taken and additional hours as a discipline. In a demonstration of homicide the victim’s family gets very damaged. The harm caused can never be fixed. On the off chance that the casualty was state trapped in a crossfire some relatives may be frightened to head outside. They could have bad dreams and considerably more can occur. On the off chance that the killer is put to equity and executed at any rate they will have a conclusion and realize that the killer can't submit further homicides. New Media Mill expresses that solitary great has occurred since the legislature restored capital punishment after the legal dispute Gregg versus Georgia (1976). Since the time it was restored murder rates have dropped in practically all the states from 30% to 65%. Today, about 70% of America is for capital punishment despite the fact that there are a couple of issues similarly as there is in some other framework. The principle issue is executing and blameless individual. As indicated by MSU there is no evidence of any blameless individual getting executed. It would be incredibly difficult to happen as a result of the considerable number of protections and offers included the 1970’s. Regardless of whether a guiltless has been executed it is exceptionally uncommon. It wouldn’t be ceremony to attempt a stop capital punishment due to some problematic truth, that’s like stating there are blameless individuals in jail so abrogate jail. It is extremely unlikely you can be 100% certain which prisoners are guiltless and which ones are not, and you can’t re-research all there cases since that would take a lot of labor and time. The individuals that do escape death row typically get out in view of lawful details. On the off chance that somebody can be demonstrated guiltless the senator will allow them forgiveness. Different cases are normally simply deferring strategies (MSU). This is way the court has the intrigue framework which permits the prisoner to defer the execution. As indicated by measurements on New Media Mill it is bound to take a blameworthy man off death row and put him in a typical jail for life than it is to execute a guiltless man. Individuals state that capital punishment is remorseless and uncommon discipline on the off chance that anything the framework goes excessively simple on the death row detainees. A few killers slaughter individuals in the most merciless, appalling, and impossible ways and they are executed by deadly infusion. They get the opportunity to bite the dust in there rest with no torment or languishing. They bite the dust the manner in which everybody wishes they bite the dust. In my eyes, that’s not considered a discipline contrasting it with how a few detainees have slaughtered individuals. For instance Michele Ross got capital punishment and was slaughtered by effortless deadly infusion in the wake of assaulting and murdering eight ladies. The individuals put waiting for capital punishment ought to be murdered in a harsher manner. As indicated by MSU government isn’t giving unfeeling and irregular discipline by deadly infusion, individuals ought to be glad that they are suff iciently decent to execute the prisoners so calmly. I could comprehend individuals considering it to be pitiless and strange if the legislature restricted deadly infusion and left the detainees with a decision of the other four strategies for execution which are hanging, gas chamber, terminating crew, and electric shock which cause torment (MSU). When hanging the individual drops with the noose around his neck so it snaps his neck. Moment passing doesn’t consistently occur so the individual in some cases chokes. Utilizing the gas chamber they sit the individual in a seat and occupy the room until he stifles from the deadly gas. The discharging crew gives a shot to the heart and kills the individual in almost no time or if the heart is missed the individual seeps to death. When being shocked the individual is attached to a seat while they put 2000 volts of power through them. During deadly infusion the individual is taken care of then deadened at that point given a fluid witch stops all capacity in the body. As you see execution can’t show signs of improvement than deadly infusion. Pitiless and strange is when Ronell Wilson shot and executed analysts James Nemorin and Rodney Andrews in 2003 (Google News). Ideally you know understand that capital punishment ought to be kept as a discipline in our court frameworks. It has helped crime percentages in pretty much every state drop, it has offered conclusion to numerous families, it has served equity, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. There will consistently be individuals thinking of reasons why capital punishment ought to be halted. Reasons like barbarous and strange discipline, that it harms society, and all the more yet at long last it is the primary concern that prevents individuals from running wild and makes society a superior spot. Work Cited Google News. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/25/06. http://news.google.com/news?q=for+the+death+penaltyMichigan State University. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/21/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.msu.eduNew Media Mill. DPIC. 2006. 11/20/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org

Christian beliefs about marriage and divorce Essay Example for Free

Christian convictions about marriage and separation Essay In what manner may Christian convictions about marriage and separation be applied to a Christian living. In your answer consider at least one circumstance in which Christian conviction would have any kind of effect. Consider whether every single Christian couple would react similarly. Christian convictions are to be applied to regular day to day existence. The instructing influences couples and aides them to a substance marriage. Each couple ought to endeavor to satisfy their pledges to effectively experience their employment. Its a full time occupation and for the union with work, there should be steady exertion and work. Additional time individuals develop and create; this may prompt the couple turning out to be nearer or further separated. Activity and modification then should be applied and the marriage ought to develop and change in like manner. Christians need to genuinely focus on their pledges and need to guarantee love and constancy and apply it to their day by day lives. A few Christians may disregard Gods expectations for them by excusing the Christian convictions. By dismissing these convictions, couples won't just continuously detach from one another, they will separate from God as theyre dismissing his livelihood for them. Some may state that the Christian convictions are not being applied to life as much any longer, which is demonstrated by the expansion in separate from rate. Notwithstanding, The strict convictions are lived out by far most of couples. The individuals who don't completely apply the convictions to their marriage however understand the convictions significance, have something to seek to and the convictions can control them to a fruitful Christian marriage with God. This is the reason the convictions of perpetual quality and selectiveness of marriage are significant individuals despite everything attempt to live to esteems plot in the Gospel. I can just try to living in an upbeat, stable marriage. Ive been raised in a blessed air as my folks have been hitched for a long time and ideally will develop old joyfully together. Theyve followed the Christian convictions intently, with the exception of a couple of gouges to the relationship yet figured out how to go through them, which can just rouse me to follow in their direction. Ive perceived how convictions are as yet present in their marriage and how the congregation instructing is positively not outdated. As plot in AO1, the convictions of the nurturing capability of marriage are focal and when couples enter marriage they should understand the influences their conduct has on youngsters. As Ive been raised in an effective co-employable marriage, Im enlivened to do likewise as I understand the significance of Christian convictions, so in the event that one is raised in an insecure marriage this can influence the relations the kids thusly have. The elegance invigorated in the holy observance gives couples which can outfit couples fixation towards the Christian convictions. Somebody who pays attention to their confidence is bound to satisfy the promises more as opposed to one who basically experiences the conjugal assistance as custom, without truly in regards to the function for its profound significance. These Christian convictions educated to them would then be able to urge them to leave separate if all else fails as opposed to take the most straightforward way out. Questioning instructs that The remarriage of people separated from a living, legal mate contradicts the arrangement and law of God as educated by Christ. They are not isolated from the Church, however they can't get Eucharistic fellowship. They will have Christian existences particularly by instructing their youngsters in the confidence Catechism 1665 Although they won't acknowledge separate; the Roman Catholic Church will acknowledge a cancellation which is a method of saying that the marriage was void Various Christians approach conjugal breakdown and separation in various manners. A Roman Catholic would have massive troubles if their marriage separated and finished in separate, yet they can't get a cancellation from the Church They feel that they have abandoned the congregation by separating. Additionally, if that individual remarries, according to the Roman Catholic Church it would be classed as infidelity. This circumstance may include them being approached to cease from taking the Eucharist. This can bring about genuine hurt and a sentiment of segregation from the Church as the Eucharist is at the very heart of Catholic conviction.. While, somebody having a place with the free church similarly situated would have no such issue with remarriage in their congregation. Different Catholics may decide not to remarry and live alone in light of the fact that their first marriage didn't work and they would prefer not to conflict with their convictions. Albeit a few relationships close in separate, conjugal assistance administrations, for example, Marriage Care and Relate offer help to couples so they comprehend the full duty theyre undertaking. Couples who havent got the more profound comprehension of marriage may break the select part of marriage and not consider forestalling infidelity as much as a couple who follow the Christian convictions. Various Christians have different reactions to contraception. Catholic instructing doesn't allow the utilization of counterfeit contraception. Pope Paul VIs encyclical letter Humanae Vitae (1968) communicated it along these lines; It is totally necessitated that any utilization at all of marriage must hold its normal potential to multiply human life. This implies sex in marriage ought to be common and consistently open to the chance of making new human life. All fake compound and physical strategies for contraception are dismissed by the showing authority of the Catholic Church. All in all, I figure the congregation has a positive job in supporting couples through the holy observance; it favors the couple with wedded life. With Christian conviction and practice, the couple gain quality, while controlling the couple through the holy observance of marriage.

Admitted Students Update

Admitted Students Update A few updates for the Class of 2011 Tonight MIT students will be calling as many admitted students as possible. Well start with east coast students around 6pm Eastern time, and working our way west until around 11pm (EST). Start thinking of questions you might have for actual MIT students! And, dont worry, if for whatever reason you dont get to talk to an MIT student tonight, there are plenty of other opportunities to do so. (Well also try to make some more phone calls next Tuesday) Also, admitted students now have a whole bunch of stuff on their MyMIT portal, including: Class of 2011 Guestbook. Sign in, learn about your classmates, post a picture, find out who else is from your area, and more. Admitted Student Meetings. Across the country (and across the world) there will be meetings of students admitted to the Class of 2011, as soon as tomorrow night (Im looking at you, Seoul, Korea). Check out the schedule so you can find out when the meeting in your area is. CPW Registration. You can now register for Campus Preview Weekend. Make your travel arrangements now and fill out the registration form as soon as possible before the deadline! A few tips for CPW: If your parents will be joining you and they are certainly invited, and there are many parent events I recommend that they make their hotel reservations by Friday (yes, this Friday), when our block of rooms with special rates expires. Register as soon as you can once youve decided to come and made your travel arrangements. As long as youre registered by the deadline (Monday, April 2), youll be all set. On the registration form, please help us out by giving us useful information to match you with a host living group. Some living groups are extremely social, some are very nerdy, some are single sex, some have cats, some are in a historic mansion, and some have an awesome Disco Dance Floor. Give us a clue as to what will work best for you. Well have a lot more to say about CPW over the next few weeks. I hope Ill see many of you there! Admitted Students Update Hello MIT Class of 2013! Here are some things that admitted students should do, now that the entire class has been admitted Read Chris Sus Entry: Chris wrote an awesome entry earlier today for admitted students, check it out! Join the Facebook Group: Facebook is a great place to meet your future classmates and get questions answered by current students. Here it is: MIT Class of 2013. (and international students can join the international students group!) Await Financial Aid Info: I know many of you are eagarly awaiting finanial aid information dont despair! It will be in the mail on Wednesday, and in your mailboxes soon after that. (This goes for both EA and RA admits who have submitted complete financial aid applications) Check out your MyMIT Portal: Over at MyMIT, youll find a bunch of stuff only available to admitted students, including: Campus Preview Weekend Registration: Please register for CPW on April 2 or when your travel plans are solidified, whichever is sooner. Also, when you fill out your CPW registration form, give us as much specific information as you can; this will help us make your CPW experience as good as possible. Finally, please complete the Medical Release Form. Notes to the wise: if youre flying in, book your plane tickets early (You may want to consider using Orbitz. Once you create an account youll be redirected to the MIT Orbitz page). If your parents are joining you, have them book their hotel early. Local Admitted Students Meetings: During MIT Spring Break next week, MIT alumni across the globe will be hosting gathering for the Class of 2013, as nearby campus as Providence, Rhode Island, and as far away as Singapore. There will be meetings in nearly 60 locales, including New York City, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington DC, Miami, Chicago, and many more. RSVP information is included. Class of 2013 Guestbook: Hundreds of your classmates have checked in to introduce themselves. Since only admitted students can enter themselves on the guestbook, its a good way to share your contact information securely with your future classmates, and to get emails and screennames to be in touch with fellow MIT 2013s! The MIT Reply Form: As soon as youve made up your mind for sure about whether or not to attend MIT after youve received your financial aid package, come for CPW, or anything else that you need to make your decision please let us know your decision through the online reply form. You have three choices: tell us youre enrolling this fall (Yay! Welcome officially to the MIT Class of 2013!), that youre declining our offer of admission (its okay, we know youre making the best choice for yourself), or to request a deferral/gap year(s) before enrolling at MIT (for a gap year, military service, or other reason see future entry for more information on this option). Take as much time as you need to make your decision (and if we can help, please let us know), but be sure to let us know by May 1. Overnight Program Registration: If you cant make it for CPW, dont despair, you can still come visit through our Overnight Program. Please register at least two weeks in advance, and well do our best to show you MIT. Finally, Class of 2013, what would you like to see us do blog entries on over the coming month or so? How can we be best helpful for you as you make your college decision? Admitted Students Update As of yesterday, all 522 admitted students can log into MyMIT for the Class of 2012 guestbook directory (post your picture!). Also, all of the decision letters including the famed tubes were mailed yesterday. Watch your mailbox! Finally, feel free to use this entrys fresh comments space for more admitted students chatting. Admitted Students Update Hello MIT Class of 2014! Here are some things that admitted students should do, now that the entire class has been admitted Check out your MyMIT Portal: Over at MyMIT, youll find a bunch of stuff only available to admitted students, including: Campus Preview Weekend Registration: Please register for CPW by March 25 or when your travel plans are solidified, whichever is sooner. Also, when you fill out your CPW registration form, give us as much specific information as you can; this will help us make your CPW experience as good as possible. Finally, please complete the Medical Release Form. Notes to the wise: if youre flying in, book your plane tickets early. If your parents are joining you, have them book their hotel early. I highly recommend hotels that are within walking distance of MIT driving and parking in Boston is not a good experience. Local Admitted Students Meetings: During MIT Spring Break next week, MIT alumni across the globe will be hosting gathering for the Class of 2014, as nearby campus as Providence, Rhode Island, and as far away as Singapore. There will be meetings in dozens of locales, including New York City, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington (both the state in Seattle as well as the District of Columbia), Miami, Chicago, and many more. RSVP information is included. Class of 2014 Guestbook: Hundreds of your classmates have checked in to introduce themselves. Since only admitted students can enter themselves on the guestbook, its a good way to share your contact information securely with your future classmates, and to get emails and screennames to be in touch with fellow MIT 2014s! The MIT Reply Form: As soon as youve made up your mind for sure about whether or not to attend MIT after youve received your financial aid package, come for CPW, or anything else that you need to make your decision please let us know your decision through the online reply form. You have three choices: tell us youre enrolling this fall (Yay! Welcome officially to the MIT Class of 2014!), that youre declining our offer of admission (its okay, we know youre making the best choice for yourself), or to request a deferral/gap year(s) before enrolling at MIT (for a gap year, military service, or other reason). Take as much time as you need to make your decision (and if we can help, please let us know), but be sure to let us know by May 1. Overnight Program Registration: If you cant make it for CPW, dont despair, you can still come visit through our Overnight Program. Please register at least two weeks in advance, and well do our best to show you MIT. Join the Facebook Group: Facebook is a great place to meet your future classmates and get questions answered by current students. Here it is: MIT Class of 2014. Join in a Live Chat!: This Tuesday evening, and again the following Tuesday, well have some very cool video chats, with special guests! Watch your email and MyMIT for more information Await Financial Aid Info: I know many of you are eagarly awaiting finanial aid information dont despair! Financiad Aid packages for Early Action students were mailed last week, and packages for Regular Action students were mailed yesterday. Finally, Class of 2014, what would you like to see us do blog entries on over the coming month or so? How can we be best helpful for you as you make your college decision?

Nuclear Weapons And The Atomic Bomb - 1432 Words

â€Å"If the Third World War is fought with nuclear weapons, the fourth will be fought with bows and arrows† Lord Mountbatten. This quotes, by a famous British Naval Officer, summarizes the threats nuclear weapons present to the entire world. With the development of the atomic bomb during the Second World War, a new war was started: the Cold War. The ideology behind this war continues on to this day and has led to many treaties and other attempts to stop the production and potential use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are a scientifically impressive feat; however, they present a difficult situation in terms of the global political system. The first ever nuclear test occurred on July 16, 1945 in Trinity, New Mexico (ICAN, n.d.). This†¦show more content†¦Critical mass is the smallest mass required for chain reaction fission to take place. The implosion type design requires a specialized, sophisticated arrangement of explosives to fire simultaneously from all direction to the pit, or center of the weapon, in this case plutonium (CTBTO, n.d.). However, these designs are not used by modern countries, who instead use thermonuclear weapons of 1,000X the strength in tons. A typical fission weapon has a blast of about 20 kilotons (20,000 tons of TNT), whereas thermonuclear weapons can have a yield up to 50 megatons (Nuclear Weapon Archive, 2007). The first thermonuclear weapons date back to the 1950s. The reason thermonuclear weapons have such a larger yield is due to their 2 part design. The primary part is based off of fission. Plutonium-239 is used in an implosion type fission weapon to start the fusion re action at the center of the plutonium (which is filled with hydrogen gas). The fission part of the weapon then serves to start the fusion part of the bomb. By igniting the spark plug of either plutonium or uranium, surrounding the lithium deuteride (a Lithium Hydride with a deuterium hydrogen), the metal undergoes fission, creating enough heat for fusion to occur in the deuterium (Nelson and Gronlund, 2009). There are numerous different types of thermonuclear weapons, such as the two

Ischemic Stroke Rates in Ireland - 678 Words

In Ireland there is a very high incidence of stroke with around 10,000 people a year having a stroke. Approximately 2,000 people die each year as a result and approximately 30,000 people within the Irish community are suffering with a disability as a result of stroke. (Irish Heart Foundation, 2011) This essay will discuss the topic of stroke, outlining the pathology of the disorder and discussing the recovery process. There are two major categories which stroke is divided into: Ischemic, which is the cause of 85% of strokes and Haemorrhagic, which causes 15%. In ischemic stroke, vascular occlusion and hypoperfusion occur, while in haemorrhagic stroke there is extravasation of blood into the brain or subarachnoid space. (Hinkle and Guanci, 2007). There are some similarities between the two, however differences exist in aetiology, pathophysiology and medical and surgical management. The causes and effects of each of the categories of stroke will be discussed and compared and the treatm ent and process of recovery will be described. An ischemic stroke is caused by the disruption of the supply of blood to part of the brain. Blood travels to the brain through arteries from the heart. In the case where an artery which supplies blood to the brain becomes narrowed or obstructed due to disease or other causes, blood flow to areas of the brain can become reduced. This reduces the supply of oxygen and glucose to the cells of the brain. According to Hickey (2003), 45% of ischemicShow MoreRelatedWith The Recent Shift In Our Country’S Political Climate1492 Words   |  6 Pagesfour major lifestyle behaviors, according to independent studies conducted by British scientists Janas Harrington and Phyo Myint. Myint’s longitudinal study aimed â€Å"to quantify the potential combined impact of four health behaviours on incidence of stroke in men and women living in the general community† (Myint, 2009). Subjects were categorized based on how many of the healthy lifestyle behaviors they participated in (or abstained from). The lifestyle behaviors are as follows: current non-smokingRead MorePatients Suffering From Acute Myocardial Infarction2550 Words   |  11 Pageswomen suffer heart attacks (62,000 men and 39,000 women) annually. This is juxtaposed with Scotland where 8,000 men and 5,000 women become heart attack patients annually. The gross figure for the UK yearly, when including Wales and Northern Ireland on a comparable rate to the UK is approximately 124,000 patients per year (British Heart Foundation 2010). For many years, pre-hospital primary intervention for this condition included high flow oxygen, as a matter of course based on anecdotal evidence andRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesshows no obvious signs, whereas some cause significant functional impairments.A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells. Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or there is sudden bleeding into or around the brain. The symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body; sudden confusionRead MoreNatural Dyes11205 Words   |  45 Pagesyellows, reds, browns, and bright pinks and purples. The lichen Rocella tinctoria was found along the Mediterranean Sea and was used by the ancient Phoenicians. In recent times, lichen dyes have been an important part of the d ye traditions of Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and among native peoples of the southwest and Intermontane Plateaus of the United States.[37] Scottish lichen dyes include cudbear (also called archil in England and litmus in Holland), and crottle.[45] [edit] Fungi Miriam C. Rice, (1918—2010)

Samsung Electronics Strategic Analysis Free Essays

The strategy of Samsung Samsung’s strtegy has many admirable things to learn . One of the point to make the success of Samsung is its managers interested in long-term growth rather than short-term profit. . We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung Electronics Strategic Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strategic thinking of the Samsung Group is focused on developing target market and making a huge bet on them. That ‘s the reason we don’t mention the short-term stratgy of Samsung bacause it isn’t the main point of Samsung;strategy and we can learn just a little thing from it. Come back to the long-term strategy of Samsung, we can devide it to 2 periods. Before the lawsuit with Apple Unlike other Android phone makers, Samsung chose a very different way which is competing head-to-head with Apple in the high-end smartphone segment, by creating products that have a similar design to the iPhone but do not forget to â€Å"put effort† for the low-range smartphone in order to control market share and create great motivation for the Galaxy’s brand name. While its competitors like Apple concentrated on creating new innovative products, Samsung waited their competitors test the market and then they determine the most suitable time to break into. It created the similar smartphones with those of other companies but better, faster and cheaper. When taking part in , Samsung will dominate the market with a series of models with various improvements that competitors can not keep up . This strategy has an interesting name in Vietnam :â€Å"di t? t, don d? u†. With this strategy, Samsung has many advantages when it has known the strengths or the wickness points to make the success and failure of its competitors. So it can decrese the risk when taking part in the market. After the lawsuit with Apple After having created a buzz in the market, Samsung started to follow their own direction that the Galaxy S III is the most typical example. No one can complain about the copyrihts when they compared the Galaxy S III to the iPhone 4S or iPhone 5. With products like the Galaxy S III or Galaxy Note, no one dared to say that Samsung copies competitors, they just rely on its opponents to make innovative products. How to cite Samsung Electronics Strategic Analysis, Essay examples

Networking Technology for Privacy and Freedom- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNetworking Technologyfor Privacy and Freedom. Answer: Introduction Ethics is a discipline that governs how people conduct themselves in their occupation fields. Hence ethics for a network technology student is a set of moral principles that governs the use of network technology by the student.With the rise of technology use in classrooms, student should be conscious of ethical issues that come forth with the use of technology. Important Ethical Issues The most important and widely felt ethical issues include academic honesty by the students especially during educational research. Another one is the use of different networking communication channels when using schools computers systems which are shared by so many students and other school staffs. Cyber bullying is also a very dangerous technology issue that can ruin a life of a networking student. Student confidentiality is another important ethical issue that every student should consider. These ethical issues that every student should consider are discussed below. Analysis and Evaluation of Ethical Issues The following discuss some of the important ethical issues a networking technology student should be aware of. Plagiarism With the advanced used of technology in classrooms, access to online research materials has been made easier. This in turn has increased the high rates of plagiarism. This on other hand has been affected integrity of academic work institutions. Plagiarism is an unethical behavior that has risen due to use of networking technology in learning institutions. This has made it easier for students to fabricate research and fake information sources in their academic lives (Mattison, 2017). They just query the such engines and whatever result they get they hit copy and paste button without considering the authors contribution to that work they are copying. But for an ethical student, one will read other peoples work online, gather enough knowledge and form their own reports based on the research materials accessed online by acknowledging the authors Personal Security Every ethical student should conduct proper communication especially when using school computers or network. This will ensure students safety and privacy. Students should ensure that their emails and text messages are not exposed by using public communication devices within their institutions. They should ensure that they conduct their communication properly with other students or teachers. If not carefully monitored the use of network technology might expose the students communications to the public. An ethical student would put a boundary on how to communicate with other people within the institutions via the networking technology. Cyber Bullying This is the use of the internet to harm others by threatening and/or humiliating them. It can occur directly or by proxy, i.e using somebody else to harm others (Headlee, 2012). Students should not use networking technology to harm others (Mattison, Ethical Issues with Using Technology in Classroom, January 2017). Students should conduct themselves with proper netiquette and look around the networking sites before saying things that could harm others. Bullying has typically been found between students in the classroom, outside of the classrooms, and in many forms of social media forums. A technology student should use networking technology to promote sanity and not to expose other peoples details online by tarnishing their names or their reputations. Access Rights Ethical networking technology students should respect the site access policies outlined by a given institution. Accessing unauthorized sites via the internet might expose the institution to malicious attacks associated with some sites. Also unauthorized access of public sites violates the rules of an institution and is termed as unethical computer networking use. Technology can a highly affect the well-being of the students. Therefore, when using networking technologies, students should ensure that they remain within the authorized sites by the institution meant for study and research. For instance, (L, 2003) mentions an incident where computer students used the school computers to access X-rated materials and ended up broadcasting it to the entire school through the school network. This results to unethical behavior that students should not possess. Confidentiality / Privacy Networking Technology enables data exchange of information on a large scale from anybody, on any locations or parts of the world, at any times. In this situation, there is increased potential for disclosing information and violating the privacy of any individuals and groups of people due to its widespread sharing via network. It is therefore the networking technology students responsibility to maintain the privacy and integrity of data regarding others. This also includes taking precautions to ensure the accuracy of data, as well as protecting it from unauthorized access or accidental disclosure to inappropriate individuals. Student confidentiality is very important but it can be ruined easily using network technology. Students should use networking technology with caution when utilizing online forums, social media and other online applications. For example, the US education department found out that schools are collecting more information concerning students online. This is as a res ult of students sharing almost every part of their lives online by posting on social media platforms. This makes them more vulnerable to cyber bully as well as exposing their lives which ought to be private to the whole world. An ethical student should ensure that every information they share over the internet is safe and does not compromise their confidentiality. An ethical student should be well informed that the internet never forgets and every action they take when using the network technology leaves a trail of information that could be recorded and stored for future use. Students should not share their information with insecure sites. They should be able to find out who is in control of the information they share and what is to be done with it before sharing it on the online platforms (A, 1967). Justification of Ethical Issues Plagiarism According to (Lessig, 1999) a legal theorist, he said that due to the rise of networking technology in schools and world at large, people have more access to information stored online without the necessity of seeking authorization from the owners of the information and therefore a greater increase in plagiarism and fake ownership of others peoples contents. This therefore has highly questioned the credibility of students academic work as opposed to when networking technology was not so rapid in learning institutions. Confidentiality/Privacy (BRITZ, 1996) argued that, although networking technology has affected the lives of many positively in disseminating of information fast than before, it has also made it easier for people to access other peoples private information. Thus the student should be aware that the use of networking technology cannot be ethically neutral. Access Authorizations/Rights (Lou Berzai, 2012) explains the effects of unauthorized access by the students using the networking technology. He states that students should not use networking technology to access sites or prohibited information as this is unethical and it exposes the institutions information to malicious attacks. Thus in order to uphold ethic in using technology, students should adhere to the set access policy. To curb all these ethical issues related to network technology, (Rinaldi, 1999) stated that students should not use the computer network to harm others, neither interfere with other peoples work. Also acknowledging other peoples intellectual work among others. Conclusion In conclusion it is appropriate to say that there are many ethical concerns in the use of networking technology that every user should understand. Networking Technology in institutions can either promote integrity of the society or compromise it. Students therefore should share knowledge amongst themselves and consult more online educative sites that will help them in research activities as well as build ethical internet users. With such students in existence the unethical issues related to the use of technology will be highly reduced and be manageable hence raising the standards and bring out the positive side of the network technology to learning institutions (Warschaver, 2003). Students need to exercise proper online etiquette and behavior when interacting online with teachers or other students. References A, W. (1967). Privacy and freedom. New York. BRITZ, J. J. (1996). Ethical Challenges to the Information Profession. TECHNOLOGY AS A THREAT TO PRIVACY. Headlee, K. S. (2012). CYBERBULLYING . What is cyber bullying, exactly? L, S. (2003). Tools for teaching cyber ethics. Education World. Lessig, L. (1999). Code and Other Values of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books. Lou Berzai. (2012). Ethical Problems in Computing. Mattison, L. (2017). Ethical Issues with Using Technology in the Classroom. technology in the classroom, 1. Mattison, L. (January 2017). Ethical Issues with Using Technology in Classroom. Technology in the classroom, 1-4. Rinaldi, A. (1999). 10 Comandments for Computer Network Users. Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. Shea, V. (August 2010). Danger Online! Educating Kids and Parents About Internet Safety. Education World, 1-4. Warschaver, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion. Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge : MIT Press.

What impact did the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy have on the Italian people, 1922-39 Essay Example

What impact did the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy have on the Italian people, 1922-39? Essay After being appointed Prime Minister by the King Victor Emmanuel in October 1922, Benito Mussolini went about establishing a firm dictatorship. Soon after he was declared PM, he enforced an aggressive foreign policy that would have major effects, both positive and negative, on the Italian people. Through his foreign policy, Mussolini wanted to make Italy a respectable, powerful country. He wanted to dominate the Mediterranean by breaking free of the bars that Britain and France had enforced and part of Africa, especially Abyssinia, believing that land was available for Italy to expand into and increase its Empire. Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy first became clear during the Corfu incident of August 1923. After heavily bombarding the Greek island and killing at least 15 civilians, the Italians were ordered to withdraw by the League of Nations and Greece were made to apologise and pay the reparations of 50 million lira. With the Italians withdrawing from Corfu, they had not gained any land however, it was still seen as a victory by the Italian people and it meant that Mussolini had gained more support to launch further attacks in the future. Mussolinis aggressiveness again continued into 1935 where he launched his attack on Abyssinia, the main reasons behind it being to increase Italian prestige and to develop the cult of the Duce. There was also the possibility that oil was available in the African country. At first, there was much support for the war. It was popular amongst the Italian people as they too, like Mussolini, wanted Italy to increase its empire. However, resources soon became low and Mussolini appealed to the Italian people to help provide the resources Italy required. He launched the campaign of women donating their wedding rings in return for a tin replica. The gold that was collected from these rings could then be used to gain money to provide more resources for the Italian attack. The campaign was extremely successful with over 250,000 women in Rome alone donating their rings. This showed that there was a sense of war pride amongst the Italian people, supporting the war in a bid of Italy increasing its empire. We will write a custom essay sample on What impact did the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy have on the Italian people, 1922-39? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What impact did the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy have on the Italian people, 1922-39? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What impact did the pursuit of an aggressive foreign policy have on the Italian people, 1922-39? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Italy successfully took over Abyssinia in May 1936 despite the sanctions that had been placed on them by the League of Nations. These sanctions which included steel, iron and coal were applied in a bid to prevent Mussolini from being able to continue fighting the war. However, the L.O.N. did not apply the sanction of oil and this is what allowed Mussolini to continue producing the industrial requirements for the war. It was a great victory and was possibly Mussolinis finest hour. He was arguably at the peak of his career. The sanctions that the league applied had rallied the nation together and the people of Italy felt that they had each played a part in the victory. Thousands of people attended Mussolinis speech in Rome announcing the new empire. There was a real sense of pride amongst the people and they strongly believed that Italy was on the way up. However, what first seemed like a strong victory actually turned out to have a massive effect on Italy. The Abyssinian war was very costly and the budget deficit rose from 2.5billion lire to 16 billion lire after the war meaning that there was less government spending available to the people of Italy. There was a drain on military resources which we were desperately needed if Italy were to go to war with Britain and France and in 1936, the lira devalued by 40 per cent. Although there was a sense of national pride amongst Italy for claiming the Abyssinian Empire, no-one actually enlisted to fight in it. This shows how if anything, the war was quite unpopular. In conclusion, Mussolini didnt really gain that much from the invasion of Abyssinia. It did bring the nation together at first, through mass speeches and the wedding ring campaign however it had more of a negative than positive effect on the Italian people in the long run due to the massive costs which affected the economy and de valued the lira. As well as this, Italy had to fight a guerrilla war until Abyssinia was lost to the British in 1941 showing how Italy didnt even gain the Abyssinian empire and were constantly battling against rebels, meaning more costs were used, to try and claim it. After asserting his power in Abyssinia, Mussolini now looked to help the Spanish right-wing governments during the Spanish civil war in 1936-39. By supporting the right-wing government, Mussolini hoped to extend the Fascist influence in Spain, believing a defeat of the left-wing could be seen as another glorious triumph for Fascism amongst the Italian people. Mussolinis commitment was very strong and by 1937, he had applied 50,000 troops, 950 tanks, 7663 motor vehicles and 91 warships. Over 14 billion lira had been spent. However, similar to the Abyssinian war, there were both advantages and disadvantages to Italy becoming involved in the civil war. Mussolini had gained and ally in a strategic position and there was an improvement on the link between Italy and Nazi Germany. The Italian influence had been increased and Italy was on the winning side again. This meant that Mussolini could claim victory and this pleased the people in Italy as they believed that Italy was on the up, increasing its empire in Africa and improving its relationship with surrounding countries. However, yet again the war was very expensive to Italy. It cost 14 billion lira, which was half a years tax revenue so this meant that there could be less spending on Italy and its people back in the country. The lira became devalued and much of Italys weapons had been used. Italy was the only country with fewer weapons in 1939 than in 1936. This shows how their commitment in the Spanish civil war had made them unprepared for future world war. What first was seen as an excellent victory, actually turned out to have little gain for Italy, especially its people who did not achieve anything from it. Franco, the fascist leader of the Spanish right wing, only promised neutrality in any war between Italy and another power, not support. 6,000 people died and there was an increased tension with Britain who was already unhappy about the incident in Abyssinia. Looking at the Spanish civil war from a neutral point of view, it can be said that Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy had left the It alian economy in tatters and made Italy unprepared for future war. During these wars, propaganda and censorship were heavily applied to give the Italian people a false truth as to what was going on and to control the Italian peoples view of Mussolinis foreign policy. Propaganda was everywhere; newspapers, television, radio and posters were all sources for propaganda. For example, during the Abyssinian war, Mussolini said that his motive behind the attack was to civilise the people, however, by bombing Red Cross tents that were there to help the injured, it shows how Mussolini was not civilised himself so would be unable to civilise anyone else. The propaganda showed how Italy were civilising the Abyssinian people however censorship stopped the bombings of the Red Cross stations leaking into Italian media. Both were used again when the League of Nations applied sanctions on Italy. The Italian people were encouraged to work together to stay strong throughout the sanctions and after they had been lifted, many people saw Italy as being extremely powerfu l as they had won the war even with sanctions applied. This brought a real sense of nation pride amongst the people in Italy. As well as this, Mussolini highlighted the importance of Italy being the new roman empire. This was done to show the people how Italy was becoming as successful as what it once was during the time of roman Italy. Propaganda and censorship were there to censor what the Italian people saw and to give them a false truth so that the real motives behind Mussolinis foreign policy could be hidden and Italy could be portrayed as a powerful and dominant nation which would lead to more mass support in Italy. With Italy becoming more involved in wars and a future world war on the cards, Mussolini believed it was important to prepare the youths of Italy for future war as they were seen as the Fascists of the Future. Both boys and girls aged 6-21 were expected to become involved and they were trained very much like soldiers. They had to march, swear an oath to Mussolini and wear uniform. There was a real sense of them acting like an army and being untied with one another, with them becoming prepared to fight for Italy in future years to come. As well as this, Fascism also had an effect on children during their time in school. For example, third grade mathematics, for eight year olds, required children to answer questions like the glorious war in Africa lasted seven months. How many days is that? This highlights how Mussolini wanted to show to everyone in Italy what their country had achieved, battling in Africa to civilise the people. The cult of Mussolini was also present in schools with a portrait of him being displayed in every classroom showing how Mussolini and Fascism was everywhere. Throughout Mussolinis pursuit for an aggressive foreign policy, many things changed in Italy which had a serious effect on the Italian people. To begin with, the role of women was important in helping Italy become a powerful nation. For instance, the Battle for Births in 1927. The aims of this campaign were to increase Italys population from 37 million in 1920 to 60 million by 1950. This, according to Mussolini, would make Italy great and provide them with a substantial amount of soldiers for future wars in Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy plan. There was an increasing influence from the government to encourage people to marry and have as many children as possible in a family. For example, at a time where taxation was rising due to the heavy costs of the wars Italy were involved in, families did not have to pay income tax if they had 10 children or more. Contraceptives were limited and abortion was made illegal. The results from the Battle of Birth were average. Although the birt h rate continued to decline, the population rose to 45 million in 1940, and 47.5 million in 1950, 12.5 million short of the 60 million target. The average age of marriage rose and the marriage rate fell. This showed how although Mussolini stressed the importance of having a large amount of children in a marriage, many women did not agree and felt that he was trying to take their freedom away from them and simply use them as a reproducing tool. With Mussolini applying an aggressive foreign policy, he believed that it was important for Italy to become self sufficient or apply Autarky. This is when everything was produced for itself within the country. The reasons behind it were to increase nationalism, making Italy great and not dependant upon others, and also to prepare Italy for war. Mussolini increased controls on currency and used the government assistance to develop new products as import substitutes. However, autarky within Italy was impossible. There were virtually no coals supplies with little iron and no discovered oil meaning that the Italian relied on oil from Libya. By 1940, domestic production met only one-fifth of Italys raw material needs and there was an increase in prices and taxation which angered the Italian people as there had already been rises due to the wars and the high costs from them. So Mussolinis desire for Autarky was an unsuccessful one. It only led to even more increases in prices for products, which the Italian people were really beginning to struggle to afford. Also during Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy, he believed that it was important for the country of Italy to act as a welfare state. What this means is that the government is concerned with the welfare of its citizens although some argue how a dictator can run his/her country as a welfare state. The aims were to protect the interests of the people, to reduce the danger of unrest, to demonstrate a united nation and to prepare Italians for military success. Numerous amounts of propaganda were applied to help win support and show how Mussolini stressed the importance of looking after his people. The welfare state was funded by state taxations, with were already low due to costs of the wars, and levies on various organisations e.g. banks. There were particular measures behind the scheme including improving the health facilities within Italian hospitals, providing the Italian people with pensions, improving working conditions, setting up a childcare system and general welfare for suffering families. Also Mussolini was right to set up a welfare state within Italy, much of his aspirations were never achieved. There was an improvement to some hospitals in major cities although in many areas there were still no hospitals. There was no extension of a government pension scheme apart from minor improvements in 1939 and working conditions were not really improved although there were shorter working hours in 1934 but this was mainly to do with the depression. The question can be raised that if Italy didnt spend so much money on Abyssinia and other wars, then maybe more money would have been available to fund the welfare state. However, the Italian people would have been unaware of this due to the censorship and propaganda which hid what really went on. Mussolinis relationship with Hitler was gradually improving and it meant that although Mussolini was trying to improve the conditions for most Italians, he also made them worse for others. Initially, there was very little Anti-Semitism in Italy however in 1938 Mussolini introduced racist decrees discriminating Jews. This change in policy is usually seen as a reflection of Mussolinis subservience to Hitler. By showing support to Hitler, Mussolini hoped to better his relationship with Germany which could lead to Italy increasing its empire, if a war was fought and won. Radical laws were applied such as no Jewish children were allowed in state schools and there were to be no mixed marriages. Jewish teachers were not even allowed to teach in the state schools. These radical decrees raised mixed emotions in Italy. Many people resented them believing that Mussolini was being led by Hitler and the Pope was publicly critical as well as the King being privately critical. Although there were o nly 50,000 Jews in Italy at the time, it shows how Jews were becoming unwelcome in Italy and Mussolinis relationship with Hitler had caused him to act more and more like him. In conclusion, to answer the question above, you can see that Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy had a powerful effect on the Italian people. Although he strived to improve the conditions of Italy and make it a better place to live, through the welfare state, the economy was poor and there was little money available due to the high costs, especially in the Abyssinian war, which didnt really achieve anything. Large amounts of weapons had been used in the wars during Mussolinis aggressive foreign policy which left Italy unprepared for future world war. His foreign policy had a particularly dramatic effect on the Jewish people as his relationship with Hitler and determination to act like him caused Mussolini to discriminate against the Jews which before had even featured in his party. Mussolini was concerned about the future of Italy and used youth groups and Autarky to try and prepare the country for future wars. However, Autarky was impossible as oil had not even been discovered. Al though he strived for nation pride through achieving glorious triumphs across the Mediterranean, breaking free of the bars, and dominating in Africa, little was achieved and it only left Italy itself facing huge costs which led to high prices and taxation which the Italian people were faced to pay. If Mussolini had focused more on trying to improve the conditions of the people within his own country, rather than focusing on conquering others, then maybe there would have been mass support for him. Instead, by focusing on increasing his empire, he forgot about improving the state of Italy and its people.

Differences Between the Antifederalists and Federalists essays

Differences Between the Antifederalists and Federalists essays The Articles of Confederation stirred up many problems between the states. The antifederalists, or people who opposed a strong federal government, came into quarrel with the federalists, who favored a strong federal government. The federalists differ from the anti-federalists in terms of social, economic, and political expression. Many differences arose between the federalists and the antifederalists concerning social issues. First of all, the antifederalists were from the poorer classes, while the federalists were from higher, more aristocratic classes. Antifederalists mainly consisted of uneducated people who made up the working class. Federalists, however, were aristocratic people who were cultured and well educated. Also, many popular figures were in conflict with one another, due to their antifederalist or federalist beliefs. Patrick Henry, a famous patriot and lawyer, provided support for the antifederalists. Being from Virginia, the largest and most populous of the states, Patrick Henry was a powerful figure. On the other hand, George Washington, James Madison, and John Marshall were all in support of the federalist side. James Madison, along with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, wrote The Federalist, a group of propaganda essays written for the New York newspapers. Besides social differences, economic differences also widened the gap between the antifederalists and the federalists. The poor antifederalists were in conflict with the rich federalists. Antifederalists, for instance, consisted of people who were in debt. The debtors feared a strong central government would make they pay off their debts. Also, antifederalists also did not want the states to establish laws regarding tariffs and navigation. Antifederalists were poor; therefore, they created worthless money to pay off their debts. On the other hand, the federalists were wealthy people who were of noble birth. They immensely disagreed with the antifederalist act...

American and Japanese Motorcycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American and Japanese Motorcycles - Essay Example This proved to be a fatal mistake. With the introduction of Honda CD450 they came into the limelight. This bike was great looking, affordable and could outrun any stocky Harley-Davidson with double the engine size time and time again without breaking down like the Harley tended to do. When Honda came up with its new four cylinders CB750, there was no doubt Japanese motorcycles were here to stay. This bike was incomparable to any other in the world being faster, reliable and affordable as well. In the early 1980, the major four Japanese motorcycle manufacturers produced what were known as UJM’s or Universal Japanese Motorcycles. These machines underlined the complete usefulness and utilitarianism of large displacement bikes like Kawasaki Z-1, Honda’s CB 750, Yamaha’s XS 1100 and Suzuki’s GS 1000 and were meant to complete the broad spectrum of two wheeled transportation roles. The Suzuki Katana was the first Japanese motorcycle to come on road with looks that killed. Some consider the Katana as a stroke of High-Tech brilliance while traditionalist dismissed it as a styling fluke that would quickly be forgotten as had Harley Davidson’s slow selling XLCR cafà © racer. Most Japanese manufacturers Suzuki included were satisfied in making Non-Harley looking motorcycles. Yamaha’s Virago and Honda’s Shadow were the first cruisers to offer proprietary motors. But Yamaha took a gamble by offering a sporty standard powered by the same 920cc V-Twin motor found in the Virago. Like most sport bikes of the day Kawasaki GPZ was still quite a different machine when compared to the racing bikes in the world racing circuits. Despite its top end performance, most riders purchased a GPZ or Honda interceptor for its racy looks. Yamaha’s FJ is another high performance Japanese bike with advanced technology, but was compromised by its design, which was made more for comfort. Yamaha’s FZ 750 was another step towards what the GSX-R would eventually deliver.

Min business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Min business plan - Essay Example In this perspective, the cool point gourmet ice cream parlor needs to have an analysis of the market that is available in Vermont. The following areas will be essential in assessing the potential market The market analysis is expressed by the market size through the potentiality of the market and the volume that is characterized in particular potential area of investment. The ice parlor will tend to concentrate Vermont area that constitutes mainly the youth. This will create a huge consumer base. This is because the youth are the main consumers of ice cream. This also makes up the potential market for a business entity. The data for the best area for the best place to invest may come from financial data from major competitor Ben and Jerrys ice cream and customer surveys. What gives the company an upper hand is the enthusiasm and a passion for producing unique, tasty ice cream. This is the part where the team will capitalize on the opponents lack of new variety into the market and introduce variety to the market. This relates to the differences in the market. The differences are in terms of movements either upwards or downwards. The ice cream business is an open market that is by many competitors. However, the business tends to be fair since the investment capital is enormous. Therefore, cool point gourmet ice cream parlor will employ other techniques to lure its customers. The business entity will use discounts, unique packaging and offers in order to lure customers. These actions will help to compete well with other businesses selling ice cream. The business entity will extract information from the past to positively evaluate and predict possible growth of the business in the future. The ice cream business has been found to have an ease of growth. However, the business is dependent on the weather seasons. Its peak is summer whereby it requires only a few weeks to be established. Another

The Taguchi Methods for Quality Improvement

The Taguchi Methods for Quality Improvement INTRODUCTION: Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and improvements brought about by Taguchi methods, particularly by Taguchis development of designs for studying variation, but have criticized the inefficiency of some of Taguchis proposals. Taguchis work includes three principal contributions to statistics: A specific loss function see Taguchi loss function; The philosophy of off-line quality control; and Innovations in the design of experiments. Loss functions Loss functions in statistical theory Traditionally, statistical methods have relied on mean-unbiased estimators of treatment effects: Under the conditions of the Gauss-Markov theorem, least squares estimators have minimum variance among all mean-unbiased estimators. The emphasis on comparisons of means also draws (limiting) comfort from the law of large numbers, according to which the sample means converge to the true mean. Fishers textbook on the design of experiments emphasized comparisons of treatment means. Gauss proved that the sample-mean minimizes the expected squared-error loss-function (while Laplace proved that a median-unbiased estimator minimizes the absolute-error loss function). In statistical theory, the central role of the loss function was renewed by the statistical decision theory of Abraham Wald. However, loss functions were avoided by Ronald A. Fisher.[6] Taguchis use of loss functions Taguchi knew statistical theory mainly from the followers of Ronald A. Fisher, who also avoided loss functions. Reacting to Fishers methods in the design of experiments, Taguchi interpreted Fishers methods as being adapted for seeking to improve the mean outcome of a process. Indeed, Fishers work had been largely motivated by programmes to compare agricultural yields under different treatments and blocks, and such experiments were done as part of a long-term programme to improve harvests. However, Taguchi realised that in much industrial production, there is a need to produce an outcome on target, for example, to machine a hole to a specified diameter, or to manufacture a cell to produce a given voltage. He also realised, as had Walter A. Shewhart and others before him, that excessive variation lay at the root of poor manufactured quality and that reacting to individual items inside and outside specification was counterproductive. He therefore argued that quality engineering should start with an understanding of quality costs in various situations. In much conventional industrial engineering, the quality costs are simply represented by the number of items outside specification multiplied by the cost of rework or scrap. However, Taguchi insisted that manufacturers broaden their horizons to consider cost to society. Though the short-term costs may simply be those of non-conformance, any item manufactured away from nominal would result in some loss to the customer or the wider community through early wear-out; difficulties in interfacing with other parts, themselves probably wide of nominal; or the need to build in safety margins. These losses are externalities and are usually ignored by manufacturers, which are more interested in their private costs than social costs. Such externalities prevent markets from operating efficiently, according to analyses of public economics. Taguchi argued that such losses would in evitably find their way back to the originating corporation (in an effect similar to the tragedy of the commons), and that by working to minimise them, manufacturers would enhance brand reputation, win markets and generate profits. Such losses are, of course, very small when an item is near to negligible. Donald J. Wheeler characterised the region within specification limits as where we deny that losses exist. As we diverge from nominal, losses grow until the point where losses are too great to deny and the specification limit is drawn. All these losses are, as W. Edwards Deming would describe them, unknown and unknowable, but Taguchi wanted to find a useful way of representing them statistically. Taguchi specified three situations: Larger the better (for example, agricultural yield); Smaller the better (for example, carbon dioxide emissions); and On-target, minimum-variation (for example, a mating part in an assembly). The first two cases are represented by simple monotonic loss functions. In the third case, Taguchi adopted a squared-error loss function for several reasons: It is the first symmetric term in the Taylor series expansion of real analytic loss-functions. Total loss is measured by the variance. As variance is additive (for uncorrelated random variables), the total loss is an additive measurement of cost (for uncorrelated random variables). The squared-error loss function is widely used in statistics, following Gausss use of the squared-error loss function in justifying the method of least squares. Reception of Taguchis ideas by statisticians Though many of Taguchis concerns and conclusions are welcomed by statisticians and economists, some ideas have been especially criticized. For example, Taguchis recommendation that industrial experiments maximise some signal-to-noise ratio (representing the magnitude of the mean of a process compared to its variation) has been criticized widely. Off-line quality control Taguchis rule for manufacturing Taguchi realized that the best opportunity to eliminate variation is during the design of a product and its manufacturing process. Consequently, he developed a strategy for quality engineering that can be used in both contexts. The process has three stages: System design Parameter design Tolerance design System design This is design at the conceptual level, involving creativity and innovation. Parameter design Once the concept is established, the nominal values of the various dimensions and design parameters need to be set, the detail design phase of conventional engineering. Taguchis radical insight was that the exact choice of values required is under-specified by the performance requirements of the system. In many circumstances, this allows the parameters to be chosen so as to minimise the effects on performance arising from variation in manufacture, environment and cumulative damage. This is sometimes called robustification. Tolerance design With a successfully completed parameter design, and an understanding of the effect that the various parameters have on performance, resources can be focused on reducing and controlling variation in the critical few dimensions (see Pareto principle). Design of experiments Taguchi developed his experimental theories independently. Taguchi read works following R. A. Fisher only in 1954. Taguchis framework for design of experiments is idiosyncratic and often flawed, but contains much that is of enormous value. He made a number of innovations. Outer arrays Taguchis designs aimed to allow greater understanding of variation than did many of the traditional designs from the analysis of variance (following Fisher). Taguchi contended that conventional sampling is inadequate here as there is no way of obtaining a random sample of future conditions.[7] In Fishers design of experiments and analysis of variance, experiments aim to reduce the influence of nuisance factors to allow comparisons of the mean treatment-effects. Variation becomes even more central in Taguchis thinking. Taguchi proposed extending each experiment with an outer array (possibly an orthogonal array); the outer array should simulate the random environment in which the product would function. This is an example of judgmental sampling. Many quality specialists have been using outer arrays. Later innovations in outer arrays resulted in compounded noise. This involves combining a few noise factors to create two levels in the outer array: First, noise factors that drive output lower, and second, noise factors that drive output higher. Compounded noise simulates the extremes of noise variation but uses fewer experimental runs than would previous Taguchi designs. Management of interactions Interactions, as treated by Taguchi Many of the orthogonal arrays that Taguchi has advocated are saturated arrays, allowing no scope for estimation of interactions. This is a continuing topic of controversy. However, this is only true for control factors or factors in the inner array. By combining an inner array of control factors with an outer array of noise factors, Taguchis approach provides full information on control-by-noise interactions, it is claimed. Taguchi argues that such interactions have the greatest importance in achieving a design that is robust to noise factor variation. The Taguchi approach provides more complete interaction information than typical fractional factorial designs, its adherents claim. * Followers of Taguchi argue that the designs offer rapid results and that interactions can be eliminated by proper choice of quality characteristics. That notwithstanding, a confirmation experiment offers protection against any residual interactions. If the quality characteristic represents the energy transformation of the system, then the likelihood of control factor-by-control factor interactions is greatly reduced, since energy is additive. Inefficencies of Taguchis designs * Interactions are part of the real world. In Taguchis arrays, interactions are confounded and difficult to resolve. Statisticians in response surface methodology (RSM) advocate the sequential assembly of designs: In the RSM approach, a screening design is followed by a follow-up design that resolves only the confounded interactions that are judged to merit resolution. A second follow-up design may be added, time and resources allowing, to explore possible high-order univariate effects of the remaining variables, as high-order univariate effects are less likely in variables already eliminated for having no linear effect. With the economy of screening designs and the flexibility of follow-up designs, sequential designs have great statistical efficiency. The sequential designs of response surface methodology require far fewer experimental runs than would a sequence of Taguchis designs.[ TAGUCHI METHODS There has been a great deal of controversy about Genichi Taguchis methodology since it was first introduced in the United States. This controversy has lessened considerably in recent years due to modifications and extensions of his methodology. The main controversy, however, is still about Taguchis statistical methods, not about his philosophical concepts concerning quality or robust design. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that Taguchis philosophy has promoted, on a worldwide scale, the design of experiments for quality improvement upstream, or at the product and process design stage. Taguchis philosophy and methods support, and are consistent with, the Japanese quality control approach that asserts that higher quality generally results in lower cost. This is in contrast to the widely prevailing view in the United States that asserts that quality improvement is associated with higher cost. Furthermore, Taguchis philosophy and methods support the Japanese approach to move quality improvement upstream. Taguchis methods help design engineers build quality into products and processes. As George Box, Soren Bisgaard, and Conrad Fung observed: Today the ultimate goal of quality improvement is to design quality into every product and process and to follow up at every stage from design to final manufacture and sale. An important element is the extensive and innovative use of statistically designed experiments. TAGUCHIS DEFINITION OF QUALITY The old traditional definition of quality states quality is conformance to specifications. This definition was expanded by Joseph M. Juran (1904-) in 1974 and then by the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) in 1983. Juran observed that quality is fitness for use. The ASQC defined quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs. Taguchi presented another definition of quality. His definition stressed the losses associated with a product. Taguchi stated that quality is the loss a product causes to society after being shipped, other than losses caused by its intrinsic functions. Taguchi asserted that losses in his definition should be restricted to two categories: (1) loss caused by variability of function, and (2) loss caused by harmful side effects. Taguchi is saying that a product or service has good quality if it performs its intended functions without variability, and causes little loss through harmful side effects, including the cost of using it. It must be kept in mind here that society includes both the manufacturer and the customer. Loss associated with function variability includes, for example, energy and time (problem fixing), and money (replacement cost of parts). Losses associated with harmful side effects could be market shares for the manufacturer and/or the physical effects, such as of the drug thalidomide, for the consumer. Consequently, a company should provide products and services such that possible losses to society are minimized, or, the purpose of quality improvement is to discover innovative ways of designing products and processes that will save society more than they cost in the long run. The concept of reliability is appropriate here. The next section will clearly show that Taguchis loss function yields an operational definition of the term loss to society in his definition of quality. TAGUCHIS LOSS FUNCTION We have seen that Taguchis quality philosophy strongly emphasizes losses or costs. W. H. Moore asserted that this is an enlightened approach that embodies three important premises: for every product quality characteristic there is a target value which results in the smallest loss; deviations from target value always results in increased loss to society; [and] loss should be measured in monetary units (dollars, pesos, francs, etc.). Figure I depicts Taguchis typically loss function. The figure also contrasts Taguchis function with the traditional view that states there are no losses if specifications are met. Taguchis Loss Function It can be seen that small deviations from the target value result in small losses. These losses, however, increase in a nonlinear fashion as deviations from the target value increase. The function shown above is a simple quadratic equation that compares the measured value of a unit of output Y to the target T.: Essentially, this equation states that the loss is proportional to the square of the deviation of the measured value, Y, from the target value, T. This implies that any deviation from the target (based on customers desires and needs) will diminish customer satisfaction. This is in contrast to the traditional definition of quality that states that quality is conformance to specifications. It should be recognized that the constant k can be determined if the value of L(Y) associated with some Y value are both known. Of course, under many circumstances a quadratic function is only an approximation. Since Taguchis loss function is presented in monetary terms, it provides a common language for all the departments or components within a company. Finally, the loss function can be used to define performance measures of a quality characteristic of a product or service. This property of Taguchis loss function will be taken up in the next section. But to anticipate the discussion of this property, Taguchis quadratic function can be converted to: This can be accomplished by assuming Y has some probability distribution with mean, a and variance o.2 This second mathematical expression states that average or expected loss is due either to process variation or to being off target (called bias), or both. TAGUCHI, ROBUST DESIGN, AND THEÂ  DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS Taguchi asserted that the development of his methods of experimental design started in Japan about 1948. These methods were then refined over the next several decades. They were introduced in the United States around 1980. Although, Taguchis approach was built on traditional concepts of design of experiments (DOE), such as factorial and fractional factorial designs and orthogonal arrays, he created and promoted some new DOE techniques such as signal-to-noise ratios, robust designs, and parameter and tolerance designs. Some experts in the field have shown that some of these techniques, especially signal-to-noise ratios, are not optimal under certain conditions. Nonetheless, Taguchis ideas concerning robust design and the design of experiments will now be discussed. DOE is a body of statistical techniques for the effective and efficient collection of data for a number of purposes. Two significant ones are the investigation of research hypotheses and the accurate determination of the relative effects of the many different factors that influence the quality of a product or process. DOE can be employed in both the product design phase and production phase. A crucial component of quality is a products ability to perform its tasks under a variety of conditions. Furthermore, the operating environmental conditions are usually beyond the control of the product designers, and, therefore robust designs are essential. Robust designs are based on the use of DOE techniques for finding product parameter settings (e.g., temperature settings or drill speeds), which enable products to be resilient to changes and variations in working environments. It is generally recognized that Taguchi deserves much of the credit for introducing the statistical study of robust design. We have seen how Taguchis loss function sets variation reduction as a primary goal for quality improvement. Taguchis DOE techniques employ the loss function concept to investigate both product parameters and key environmental factors. His DOE techniques are part of his philosophy of achieving economical quality design. To achieve economical product quality design, Taguchi proposed three phases: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. In the first phase, system design, design engineers use their practical experience, along with scientific and engineering principles, to create a viably functional design. To elaborate, system design uses current technology, processes, materials, and engineering methods to define and construct a new system. The system can be a new product or process, or an improved modification of an existing product or process. The parameter design phase determines the optimal settings for the product or process parameters. These parameters have been identified during the system design phase. DOE methods are applied here to determine the optimal parameter settings. Taguchi constructed a limited number of experimental designs, from which U.S. engineers have found it easy to select and apply in their manufacturing environments. The goal of the parameter design is to design a robust product or process, which, as a result of minimizing performance variation, minimizes manufacturing and product lifetime costs. Robust design means that the performance of the product or process is insensitive to noise factors such as variation in environmental conditions, machine wear, or product to-product variation due to raw material differences. Taguchis DOE parameter design techniques are used to determine which controllable factors and which noise factors are the significant variables. The aim is to set the controllable factors at those levels that will result in a product or process being robust with respect to the noise factors. In our previous discussion of Taguchis loss function, two equations were discussed. It was observed that the second equation could be used to establish quality performance measures that permit the optimization of a given products quality characteristic. In improving quality, both the average response of a quality and its variation are important. The second equation suggests that it may be advantageous to combine both the average response and variation into a single measure. And Taguchi did this with his signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). Consequently, Taguchis approach is to select design parameter levels that will maximize the appropriate S/N ratio. These S/N ratios can be used to get closer to a given target value (such as tensile strength or baked tile dimensions), or to reduce variation in the products quality characteristic(s). For example, one S/N ratio corresponds to what Taguchi called nominal is best. Such a ratio is selected when a specific target value, such as tensile strength, is the design goal. For the nominal is best case, Taguchi recommended finding an adjustment factor (some parameter setting) that will eliminate the bias discussed in the second equation. Sometimes a factor can be found that will control the average response without affecting the variance. If this is the case, our second equation tells us that the expected loss becomes: Consequently, the aim now is to reduce the variation. Therefore, Taguchis S/N ratio is: where S 2 is the samples standard deviation. In this formula, by minimizing S 2 , 10 log 10 S 2 , is maximized. Recall that all of Taguchis S/N ratios are to be maximized. Finally, a few brief comments concerning the tolerance design phase. This phase establishes tolerances, or specification limits, for either the product or process parameters that have been identified as critical during the second phase, the parameter design phase. The goal here is to establish tolerances wide enough to reduce manufacturing costs, while at the same time assuring that the product or process characteristics are within certain bounds. EXAMPLES AND CONCLUSIONS As Thomas P. Ryan has stated, Taguchi at the very least, has focused our attention on new objectives in achieving quality improvement. The statistical tools for accomplishing these objectives will likely continue to be developed. Quality management gurus, such as W. Edwards Deming (1900-1993) and Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-), have stressed the importance of continuous quality improvement by concentrating on processes upstream. This is a fundamental break with the traditional practice of relying on inspection downstream. Taguchi emphasized the importance of DOE in improving the quality of the engineering design of products and processes. As previously mentioned, however, his methods are frequently statistically inefficient and cumbersome. Nonetheless, Taguchis design of experiments have been widely applied and theoretically refined and extended. Two application cases and one refinement example will now be discussed. K. N. Anand, in an article in Quality Engineering, discussed a welding problem. Welding was performed to repair cracks and blown holes on the cast-iron housing of an assembled electrical machine. Customers wanted a defect-free quality weld, however the welding process had resulted in a fairly high percentage of welding defects. Management and welders identified five variables and two interactions that were considered the key factors in improving quality. A Taguchi orthogonal design was performed resulting in the identification of two highly significant interactions and a defect-free welding process. The second application, presented by M. W. Sonius and B. W. Tew in a Quality Engineering article, involved reducing stress components in the connection between a composite component and a metallic end fitting for a composite structure. Bonding, pinning, or riveting the fitting in place traditionally made the connections. Nine significant variables that could affect the performance of the entrapped fiber connections were identified and a Taguchi experimental design was performed. The experiment identified two of the nine factors and their respective optimal settings. Therefore, stress levels were significantly reduced. The theoretical refinement example involves Taguchi robust designs. We have seen where such a design can result in products and processes that are insensitive to noise factors. Using Taguchis quadratic loss function, however, may provide a poor approximation of true loss and suboptimal product or process quality. John F. Kros and Christina M. Mastrangelo established relationships between nonquadratic loss functions and Taguchis signal-to-noise ratios. Applying these relationships in an experimental design can change the recommended selection of the respective settings of the key parameters and result in smaller losses.

Opening Paragraphs for a “Heroes” Essay

A hero is defined as a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities. People desire someone to admire at certain times to help lead and guide them. The many paths of life help to shape heroes. They can be found anywhere from a police officer to a football player. Everyday people will look for them for inspiration for themselves. Heroes push us to strive for more out of life while also helping us through tough times.Heroes are very important to our way of life and shape our view of life. People need heroes for three reasons: devastation, tragedy and losses. The devastation of an event can cause a person to need a hero, someone to look to for answers. When a person encounters a tragedy, they also try to look to someone as a solution for their problems. People encounter losses everyday and each day they seek guidance. In each of the above situations, persons yearn for a hero. Certain events in our life can have profound effects on us.A lot of t ime, it is from devastating events. Devastating events can be extremely disappointing and heart wrenching. Battling our way out of these events can truly show the heart of a person. Heroes shine in times such as these. They battle through the hardest of adversity and win. These adversities can range from the simple to the momentous. When devastation occurs, persons are in a hole, looking for a way out and find their shining hero at the end to help save them.This is where the heroes come in making for a great ending and promising future. Heroes in this situation are made through experience and knowledge of how hard such devastation can be. People then look to them to see how they got through it and can follow their example. When a disappointment occurs, persons need to know that there is hope, hope knowing that someone else overcame the same obstacle. We all encounter devastations but tragedies are encountered less often.

Contemporary politics with a focus on Europe Essay

Contemporary politics with a focus on Europe Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary comparative politics can only be well understood through a critical analysis of the European politics right from the ancient time to the current world. European politics brings a clear picture of different elements and features of politics because it is the origin of all forms of politics that have been in existence in the world. The post-1945 political systems, wars and economic movements in Europe give a detailed explanation of contemporary issues in politics. The issue of democracy is one of the most common issue that is well addressed by the analyzing the political situations in European, there a lot of studies that have been conducted in relation to that and thus there is detailed information about the issue of democracy. Other issues like the relationship between the economy and the government, and the issue of modern monopoly states are well explained through the wide topic of European politics. The object of the paper is to discuss the surrender paradox using the German case, the explanation of modern monopoly states by the economist, explanation of paradox of democratic Exuberance, explanation of market failure and government failure and lastly, the explanation of the linkage and the demand of democracy. Surrender paradox using the German case   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The surrender paradox is well explained using the German case and a brief explanation of the German case would offer a good platform for understanding the case well. The German surrender paradox means is derived from situation where the Germans were not supposed to surrender but it was a must for them to surrender. The statement sounds contradicting but it is the statement that explains the whole concept of surrender paradox. The Germans were the main party that was involved in the Second World War, with the leadership of Hitler and the military and economic strength that Germans had, it managed to conquer many states and territories in the war (Hart, 45).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hitler had vowed that he will never surrender to any military group in his life as the German leader. This made him to involve all the Germans who were also referred to as Nazi people in the war, many young men were involved as soldiers while the rest were involved indirect through provision of resources. However, the energy of Hitler in the war lusted until 1944. The Nazi troops had conquered many territories during the war and thus they were much diverted in many place of Europe, this made it easy for the Allies who were fighting them to conquer them. There are a number of reasons that made the Germans to surrender, the pearl harbor attack by the Japanese was one of the main reason, this because the United State who were very powerful got involved in the war. The USSR broke form the German side and thus it started attacking Germany on one side, the France and Italy troops also attacked the Germans on another side. The United States and t he allies eventually managed to push Germany out of all territories that it had occupied. As a result of this failure the German were forced to retreat to their own territory and their leader by the name Hitler committed suicide to avoid the shame of surrender and the punishment which the Allies could subject to him. He left his assistant in command who signed the unconditional surrender agreement which marked the end of war in Europe. The above German case gives a clear picture of surrender paradox especially in the statement which stated that the Germans could not surrender but it was a must for them to surrender. Origin of modern monopoly states according to economist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monopoly states is where the government gains a full control of the territory it is ruling including the people in that territory. There is the old monopoly state which was exercised in 19th century and the modern monopoly state that is currently exercised. The origin of modern monopoly states is addressed by the historian, politicians and economist but they all address the issue in different perspectives. In this paper the economist perspective on the origin of modern monopoly states will be the main focus. Many economists had given their views concerning the origin of monopoly states but they all give the same idea and that is why it is called the economist modern monopoly states perspective (Bell, 12). Economists deal with the issue of economy when they are addressing any issue irrespective of the origin of the topic. In this case, the economist addresses the origin of modern monopoly states in relation to economic sector that happened in 1930s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economist explains that in 1930, the famous economic depression occurred. The depression affected the economy of the whole world in a greater way where many countries were left unstable in their economy. The politicians and the economist at that time urged the government not to interfere with the situation because it would solve itself. The government had no other option but to let the situation solve itself. However, instead of the situation going back to normal, it started deteriorating, citizens started complaining on the economic situation in the world and that is where the government took charge of the situation. The economist later concluded that the government intervention was the only way to control the economic crises.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This conclusion gave the government the total power to control all sectors of economy because it initially concentrated more on the security and political part of the country. That is where the modern monopoly states emerged because the government gained the power to control the all areas of countries economy (Beaudreau, 112). Modern monopoly states can also be associated with socialism though some features of socialism are not included in the modern monopoly states. The overall perspective of the origin of modern monopoly states is the 1930s depression that led to economic crises in the whole world. The historian holds a different view because they explains that the modern monopoly states originated form the two world wars and other political factors and that is where the difference comes between the historian and economist point of view in this issue. Paradox of Democratic Exuberance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   European political history gives a clear picture of the paradox of democratic exuberance in the past and in the modern world. A lot of studies have been done on the issue of democracy where democracy in retreat history book by Joshua J gives a detailed concept of paradox of exuberance. Paradox of democratic exuberance means the cheerfulness of having a democracy which indeed is of no help to the people. The situation was identified during the Post-1945 during the development of democracy in many European countries. Democracy means ruling of people where people of middle class are given a chance to raise their views on issues of their concern. The paradox of democratic exuberance is found in many situations and the common one is when the political leaders go against the democracy. Violation of democracy by the political leaders means that the rights of middle class people are prone to violation and thus they will just the boosting of democr acy which is of no help. A good example is the demonstrations that were organized in Philistines and Thailand because of the misuse of democracy by the leaders. Irrespective of the kind of democracy, it should protect the middle class people and they should have voice on government matters. When a democracy fails to meet the above requirements, irrespective of its structure, the situation is referred to as paradox of democratic exuberance. Paradox of democratic exuberance is well explained by the people of middle class and the way it favors them. If it is does not benefit them in any way, then it becomes a democratic paradox. Generally, people should be cheerful for a democracy that is important to them (Carens, 6). Market failure and government failure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market and government failure are interrelated and each term can explain another. Market failure can cause government failure and government failure can cause market failure and they are both common in the current world. Market failure refers to a situation where the quantity demanded in the market by consumers exceeds the quantity supplied by the suppliers (Winston, 33). On the other hand, government failure refers to a condition where the government intervention in the market makes the market condition to be worse. In most cases the political situation in any given country determines the failure or success of any market. The paper will mainly concentrate with how government failure can cause market failure because the topic relates to political issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many situations where the government can cause market failure. The main one is political self-interest. When politicians have self-interest like gaining fame, exploring more territories and gaining financially, they can make decisions that can cause market failure instead of success. A good example is the 19030s depression crisis (Kurlantzick, 331). The crisis was caused by political self-interest where leaders used all the finance of their countries in order to finance the war without any consideration of the economic situation. This led the 1930s depression which marked the greatest market failure ever in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market failure that is as a result of government failure can also be caused by careless investments by the government in the market. A government may decide to finance a certain deteriorating company. The financing of the particular company makes it to become a monopoly in the market and as a result of that; many potential investors in the market are scared away and this cause an overall market failure. The government has a tendency of addressing economic problems using short term plans and goals. This is very dangerous because it causes future market failure which is very hard to solve. The short term goals that were used to handle the 19th and 20th century market problems are the main causes of today market failure. The market failure that is caused by other factors other than the government intervention can cause market failure; this is because the government uses a lot of funds to finance the market and these results to government fail ure (Kotsonis, 55). Linkage and demand for democracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Demand for democracy emerged when people of the middle class started demanding for their rights. The demand of democracy can be linked with the development of democracy from ancient times. The development of democracy started during the time of village’s administration to the time of empire administration. However, some countries were left behind in this development and that is why the issue of demand of democracy started. Officially this demand started after the fall of Berlin war during the world war. People of different countries compared their countries with countries that were developed like Canada and United States. They identified that the countries which were developed had well established democracies and thus they demanded for democracy. They suggested for democracies that would consider their rights and democracies that could give them a chance to raise their views in the government. Human rights organizations were also in the first line in the demand of democracy and this boosted the efforts of the middle class people in this demand. This led to the establishment of new democracies which were different but they all considered the issue of equality and safeguarding human rights. The demand led to the establishment of two types of democracies, direct and representative, according to the type of government structure that had been established in those countries (Boix, 440). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To wrap it up, contemporary comparative of politics focusing in Europe is a wide topic that covers many areas of political sectors in Europe and the whole world at large. Every situation that happened in the post-1945 in Europe has a significant meaning in this topic. For instance, the German surrender incident explains the whole concept of surrender paradox. Issues like the modern monopoly, paradox of democratic exuberance and demand for democracy are well understood though critical analysis of European political issues from ancient times to the current time. References Hart, R., Hart, S., & In O’Neill, R. J. World War II. New York: Rosen Pub, 2010 Boix, Carles and Susan Stokes. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics. 2013 55: 5-549, doi:10.1353/wp.2003.0019. Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, press 1999 Kurlantzick, Joshua. Democracy in Retreat: The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. Print. Kotsonis, Yanni. States of Obligation: Taxes and Citizenship in the Russian Empire and Early Soviet Republic. , 2014. Print. Beaudreau, Bernard C. How the Republicans Caused the Stock Market Crash of 1929: Gpt’s, Failed Transitions, and Commercial Policy. New York: iUniverse, Inc, 2005. Print Winston, Clifford. Government Failure Versus Market Failure: Microeconomics Policy Research and Government Performance. Washington, D.C: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, 2006. Internet resource. Carens, Joseph H. Democracy and Possessive Individualism: The Intellectual Legacy of C.b. Macpherson. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1993. Print. Source document